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Ipayipi eliqinile elingenamthungo
Ukucaciswa kokukhiqiza:
Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi lensimbi 12-377
Ipayipi lensimbi odongeni ukushuba 2-50
Izinto ezijwayelekile:
10# 0.07~0.13 0.17~0.37 0.35~0.65 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
20# 0.17~0.23 0.17~0.37 0.35~0.65 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
35# 0.32~0.39 0.17~0.37 0.35~0.65 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
45# 0.42~0.50 0.17~0.37 0.50~0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
40cr 0.37~0.44 0.17~0.37 0.50~0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.08~1.10
25Mn 0.22~0.2 0.17~0.37 0.70~1.00 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 ≤0.25
37Mn5 0.30~0.39 0.15~0.30 1.20~1.50 ≤0.015 ≤0.020
Isingeniso:
Ipayipi elihlanganisiwe elingenamthungo liwuhlobo lwempahla yepayipi yensimbi enembayo ephezulu ngemva komdwebo obandayo noma ukuginqika okushisayo.Ngoba abukho ungqimba lwe-oxide ezindongeni zangaphakathi nangaphandle zepayipi lensimbi elinembile, [1] ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu ngaphandle kokuvuza, ukunemba okuphezulu, ukuphela okuphezulu, ukugoba okubandayo ngaphandle kokuguqulwa, ukuvutha, ukucaba ngaphandle kokuqhekeka nokunye, isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi. ukuze kukhiqizwe izingxenye ze-pneumatic noma ze-hydraulic, njengamasilinda noma amasilinda, angenamthungo.Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kweshubhu ehlanganisiwe engenamthungo yi-carbon C, i-silicon Si, i-manganese Mn, isulfure S, i-phosphorus P, i-chromium Cr.
Ipayipi le-quilted nekhono lithatha ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula
Ipayipi le-quilted elingenamthungo licutshungulwa ngokugoqa.Ngenxa yengcindezi eyinsalela yokucindezela phezu kongqimba olungaphezulu, kuyasiza ukuvala imifantu emincane endaweni futhi uvimbele ukwanda kokuguguleka.Ingathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala okungaphezulu futhi ibambezele ukukhiqizwa noma ukunwetshwa kwemifantu yokukhathala, ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okukhathala kwepayipi lensimbi elivalekile.Ngokwenza ukugoqa, ungqimba oluqinile olusebenzayo olusebenzayo lwakhiwa endaweni egoqayo, okunciphisa ukuguqulwa kwe-elastic kanye nepulasitiki yendawo yokuxhumana ye-grinding pair, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukumelana nokugqokwa kodonga lwangaphakathi lwepayipi yensimbi ehlanganisiwe futhi igweme ukushiswa. okubangelwa ukugaya.Ngemuva kokugoqa, ukuncishiswa kokuqina kwendawo kungathuthukisa indawo efanelekile.
I-Rolling machining iwuhlobo lwe-chip free machining.Emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, i-plastic deformation yensimbi isetshenziselwa ukwenza isicaba ubulukhuni obuncane bendawo yokusebenza ukuze kufezwe inhloso yokuguqula isakhiwo esingaphezulu, izici zemishini, ukwakheka nosayizi.Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ingakwazi ukufeza izinhloso ezimbili zokupholisha nokuqinisa ngesikhathi esifanayo, engakwazi ukwenza ukugaya.
Akunandaba ukuthi hlobo luni lwendlela yokucubungula esetshenziselwa ukucubungula, kuyohlale kunezimpawu zommese eziqondile nezingalingani ebusweni bezingxenye, kanye nesimo seziqongo nezigodi ezinyakazayo,
Isimiso sokucubungula i-Rolling: Kuwuhlobo lokuphothula ingcindezi, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi esimweni sokushisa esivamile sezimpawu zepulasitiki ezibandayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okugoqa ukufaka ingcindezi ethile endaweni yokusebenza, ukuze i-workpiece engaphezu kweplastiki yensimbi. geleza, ugcwalise kumkhombe wokuqala oyinsalela ophansi we-concave, futhi uzuze inani le-workpiece elibushelelezi elincishisiwe.Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwepulasitiki yensimbi egoqekile, ukuqina kwezicubu ezingaphezulu kuyaqina kanye nokuncipha kokusanhlamvu, ukwakheka kwefiber eminyene, nokwakheka kongqimba olusele lokucindezeleka, ubulukhuni namandla, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguga, ukumelana nokugqwala nokuhambisana kwe indawo yokusebenza.Ukugoqa kuyindlela yokwenza ipulasitiki ngaphandle kokusika.
Ipayipi le-Quilted elingenamthungo kunezinzuzo ezimbalwa:
1, thuthukisa ubulukhuni obungaphezulu, ubumahhedla bungafinyelela ku-Ra≤0.08µ m noma ngaphezulu.
2, ukujikeleza okulungile, i-elliptical ingaba ngaphansi kuka-0.01mm.
3, thuthukisa ubulukhuni bobuso, i-force deformation iyaqedwa, ubulukhuni bukhuphula i-HV≥4°
4, ngemuva kokucubungula ungqimba olusele lokucindezeleka, thuthukisa amandla okukhathala ngo-30%.
5, thuthukisa ikhwalithi yokufaneleka, unciphise ukuguga, andise impilo yesevisi yezingxenye, kodwa izindleko zokucubungula izingxenye ziyancipha.
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Ipayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo elidonswa ngokubanda
Ukucaciswa kokukhiqiza:
Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi lensimbi 12-377
Ipayipi lensimbi odongeni ukushuba 2-50
Isingeniso somkhiqizo:
Ukuze uthole usayizi omncane kanye nekhwalithi engcono yamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ukugoqa okubandayo, umdwebo obandayo noma inhlanganisela yazo zombili izindlela.Ukugoqa okubandayo kuvame ukwenziwa esigayweni esinezinga eliphezulu ezimbili, lapho ipayipi lensimbi ligoqwa khona endaweni yokudlula ehlanganisa i-groove eyindilinga yesigaba esiguquguqukayo kanye nekhanda le-conical elimile.Umdwebo obandayo uvame ukwenziwa ngo-0.5 ~ 100T weketanga elilodwa noma umshini wokudweba obandayo wamaketanga amabili.
Ipayipi elingenamthungo elisezingeni eliphakeme le-carbon structural steel elidonswa ngokubandayo, ikakhulukazi elenziwe ngensimbi engu-10, No. 20, No. 35, No. flattening nezinye izivivinyo.
Ifomula yokubala yesisindo sepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo elidonswa ngokubanda
OD - ukujiya kodonga)* Ukujiya kodonga *0.02466=kg/m (isisindo imitha)Izinto zokudweba ezibandayo:
10#, 20#, 35#, 45#, q345b, 40cr, 42crmo, 35crmo, 30crmo nezinye izinto
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Ipayipi lensimbi elinembile
Isingeniso somkhiqizo:
Ipayipi lensimbi elinembile usayizi omkhulu, ukunemba okuphezulu, ipayipi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kokuqedwa kwendawo, ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa kwepayipi lensimbi ngaphakathi nangaphandle akukho ifilimu ye-oxide, ukuvutha kwepayipi lensimbi, ukucaba ngaphandle kokuqhekeka, ukugoba okubandayo ngaphandle kokuguqulwa, futhi kungakwazi ukumelana nokucindezela okukhulu. , ingenza izinhlobonhlobo ze-deformation eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokucubungula okujulile kwemishini.
Ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko kwezinhlobo zamapayipi ensimbi: 10#, 20#, 35#, 45#, 40cr, 42crmo, 16mn, njll.
Ukucaciswa kokukhiqiza:
Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi yensimbi 12-159
Ipayipi lensimbi odongeni ukushuba 2-30
Ukusetshenziswa okuyisisekelo:
Ipayipi lensimbi elinembile lisetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni, izithuthuthu, izimoto zikagesi, i-petrochemical, amandla kagesi, imikhumbi, i-aerospace, ama-bearings, izingxenye zomoya, i-medium ne-low pressure boiler pipe yensimbi engenamthungo kanye neminye imikhakha, ingasetshenziswa futhi kumkhono wensimbi yensimbi, ama-bearings. , i-hydraulic, i-mechanical processing kanye neminye imikhakha!
Inqubo yokukhiqiza:
Inqubo yokukhiqiza yepayipi yensimbi enembile iyafana neyepayipi elivamile elingenamthungo, okungukuthi, kukhona inqubo yokugcina yokuqoqa kanye nokugoqa okubandayo.
Ukugeleza kwenqubo yepayipi lensimbi enembile
Ukushisa kwe-tube billet - ukuhlola - isikhumba - - - ukubhoboza, ukuvuthwa, ukugaya - ukugcoba uwoyela komile - kugoqelwe - kuya - ukusika ikhanda - ukuhlolwa, ukuhlonza, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo ophelile
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10 # Ipayipi lensimbi engenamthungo
Ukucaciswa kokukhiqiza:
Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi lensimbi 20-426
Ipayipi lensimbi odongeni ukujiya 20-426
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali:
● No. 10 ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo:
I-Carbon C: 0.07~0.14″ i-silicon Si: 0.17 ~ 0.37 Manganese Mn: 0.35 ~ 0.65 Sulfur S: ≤0.04 Phosphorus P: ≤0.35 chromium Cr: ≤0.15 I-Nickel0 ≤0 I-5.
Impahla yemishini:
Izinto zikagesi zepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo No. 10:Amandla e-Tensile σb (MPa) : ≥410(42) Amandla okukhiqiza σs (MPa) : ≥245(25) ubude δ5 (%) : ≥25 ukushwabana kwengxenye (%) : ≥5 , ubulukhuni: okungashiswanga,≤156HB, usayizi wesampula: 25mm.
Ikhwalithi ephezulu yensimbi ye-carbon structural:
No. 10 ipayipi lensimbi engenamthungo aliqukethe ezinye izakhi zengxubevange (ngaphandle kwezakhi ezisele) ngaphandle kwesici se-carbon (C) kanye nenani elithile le-silicon (Si) le-deoxidation (ngokuvamile angabi ngaphezu kuka-0.40%), i-manganese (Mn) (ngokujwayelekile ayi ngaphezu kuka-0.80%, kufika ku-1.20%) izakhi ze-alloy.
Insimbi enjalo kufanele ibe nakho kokubili ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.Okuqukethwe yi-sulphur (S) ne-phosphorus (P) ngokuvamile kulawulwa ngaphansi kuka-0.035%.Uma ilawulwa ngaphansi kwe-0.030%, ibizwa ngokuthi insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi "A" kufanele ingezwe ngemuva kwebanga, njenge-20A;Uma i-P ilawulwa ngaphansi kuka-0.025% futhi i-S ilawulwa ngaphansi kuka-0.020%, ibizwa ngokuthi insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi "E" kufanele yengezwe ngemva kwebanga ukuze kuboniswe umehluko.Kwezinye izakhi ze-alloying ezisele ezilethwe ensimbi ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, njenge-chromium (Cr), i-nickel (Ni), ithusi (Cu), njll., okuqukethwe kwe-Cr≤0.25%, Ni≤0.30%, Cu≤0.25%.Ezinye izinhlobo ze-manganese (Mn) okuqukethwe kufika ku-1.40%, ezaziwa ngensimbi ye-manganese.
Inombolo 10 yepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo ifomula yokubala isisindo :[(ububanzi bangaphandle - ukujiya kodonga)* ukujiya kodonga]*0.02466=kg/ m (isisindo imitha)
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Q345B Ithubhu engenamthungo
Ukucaciswa kokukhiqiza:
Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi lensimbi 20-426
Ipayipi lensimbi odongeni ukujiya 20-426
Izici eziyinhloko:
Izakhiwo ezinhle zemishini ebanzi, ukushisela, ukubanda, izakhiwo ezishisayo zokusebenza kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, nokuqina okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi
Isicelo somkhiqizo:
Imikhumbi, ama-boilers, imikhumbi yokucindezela, amathangi okugcina uwoyela, amabhuloho, imishini yokuphehla amandla, imishini yokuphakamisa kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokushisela ezinemithwalo ephezulu.
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Ipayipi yensimbi engu-35CrMo
Ukucaciswa kokukhiqiza:
Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi lensimbi 20-426
Ipayipi lensimbi odongeni ukujiya 20-426
Isingeniso somkhiqizo:
Isibonelo, i-40Cr.(Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kwepayipi lensimbi elingu-35CrMo ngu-0.32~0.40, i-silicon 0.17~0.37, i-manganese 0.40~0.70, i-molybdenum 0.15~0.25, i-chromium 0.80~1.10)
② Izakhi eziyinhloko ze-alloying kunsimbi, ngaphandle kwamanye ama-microalloying, ngokuvamile zivezwa ngamaphesenti ambalwa.Uma isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwe-alloy singaphansi kuka-1.5%, uphawu lwe-elementi kuphela oluvame ukumakwa enombolweni yensimbi, kodwa hhayi okuqukethwe.Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezikhethekile, kulula ukudideka, inombolo ethi "1" ingamakwa ngemuva kophawu lwesici, njengenombolo yensimbi "12CrMoV" kanye "12Cr1MoV", okuqukethwe kwe-chromium yangaphambili ngu-0.4-0.6%, futhi lokho kwakamuva kungu-0.9-1.2%.Konke okunye kuyefana.Uma isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwe-elementi ye-alloying ≥1.5%, ≥2.5%, ≥3.5%…… “, uphawu lwe-elementi kufanele limakwe ngemva kokuqukethwe, lungavezwa njengokuthi 2, 3, 4…… Njll. Ngokwesibonelo, 18Cr2Ni4WA.
③ Ama-elementi e-alloy afana ne-vanadium V, i-titanium Ti, i-aluminium AL, i-boron B kanye nomhlaba ongavamile RE ensimbi kuyingxenye ye-microalloying.Nakuba okuqukethwe kuphansi kakhulu, kusafanele kumakwe enombolweni yensimbi.Isibonelo, ku-20MnVB steel.I-Vanadium ingu-0.07-0.12% futhi i-boron ingu-0.001-0.005%.
④ U-“A” kufanele wengezwe ekugcineni kwenombolo yensimbi yezinga eliphezulu ukuze ihlukanise kusukela kunsimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu evamile.
⑤ I-alloy structural iron yenhloso ekhethekile, isiqalo senombolo yensimbi (noma isijobelelo) simele injongo yophawu lwensimbi.Isibonelo, insimbi ye-30CrMnSi esetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile izikulufi zokuqhumisa ivezwa njenge-ML30CrMnSi.
Ishubhu yengxubevange neshubhu engenamthungo zombili zinobudlelwano nomehluko, azikwazi ukudideka.
Ipayipi ye-alloy ipayipi yensimbi ngokuhambisana nezinto zokukhiqiza (okungukuthi, izinto ezibonakalayo) ukuchaza, njengoba igama libonisa ukuthi lenziwe ngepayipi le-alloy;Futhi ipayipi Seamless kuyinto ipayipi steel ngokuhambisana nenqubo yokukhiqiza (seamless) ukuchaza, ehlukile ipayipi nekhono is ashiselwe ipayipi, kuhlanganise iqonde umthungo ipayipi ashiselwe kanye ipayipi Kuvunguza.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza:
1. Ukuginqika okushisayo (ipayipi lensimbi eli-extrusion elingenamthungo) : ishubhu eliyindilinga alinalutho → ukushisisa → ukumboza → ukugoqa okudayagonali okuphakeme kathathu, ukugoqeka okuqhubekayo noma ukukhishwa → ukuhlubula → ukusika (noma ukunciphisa) → ukupholisa → ukuqondisa → ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic (noma ukuhlola) → ukumaka → isitoreji
2. Ipayipi lensimbi elikhaza (eligoqiwe) elingenamthungo: ishubhu eliyindilinga alinalutho → ukushisisa → ukubhoboza → isihloko → ukubhoboza → ukugcoba → ukugcoba → ukugcoba (i-copper plating) → umdwebo obandayo onamapayipi amaningi (ukugoqeka okubandayo) → ishubhu elingenalutho → ukwelashwa kokushisa → ukuqondisa → ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic (ukuhlola) → ukumaka → isitoreji
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Ipayipi yensimbi engu-30CrMo
Ukucaciswa kokukhiqiza:
Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi lensimbi 20-426
Ipayipi lensimbi odongeni ukujiya 20-426
Isingeniso somkhiqizo:
① Amadijithi amabili ekuqaleni kwenombolo yensimbi akhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi, nesilinganiso sekhabhoni sokuqukethwe kwezinkulungwane ezimbalwa, njengepayipi lensimbi elingu-40Cr, 30CrMo
② Izakhi eziyinhloko ze-alloying kunsimbi, ngaphandle kwamanye ama-microalloying, ngokuvamile zivezwa ngamaphesenti ambalwa.Uma isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwe-alloy singaphansi kuka-1.5%, uphawu lwe-elementi kuphela oluvame ukumakwa enombolweni yensimbi, kodwa hhayi okuqukethwe.Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezikhethekile, kulula ukudideka, inombolo ethi "1" ingamakwa ngemuva kophawu lwesici, njengenombolo yensimbi "12CrMoV" kanye "12Cr1MoV", okuqukethwe kwe-chromium yangaphambili ngu-0.4-0.6%, futhi lokho kwakamuva kungu-0.9-1.2%.Konke okunye kuyefana.Uma isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwe-elementi ye-alloying ≥1.5%, ≥2.5%, ≥3.5%…… “, uphawu lwe-elementi kufanele limakwe ngemva kokuqukethwe, lungavezwa njengokuthi 2, 3, 4…… Njll. Ngokwesibonelo, 18Cr2Ni4WA.
③ Ama-elementi e-alloy afana ne-vanadium V, i-titanium Ti, i-aluminium AL, i-boron B kanye nomhlaba ongavamile RE ensimbi kuyingxenye ye-microalloying.Nakuba okuqukethwe kuphansi kakhulu, kusafanele kumakwe enombolweni yensimbi.Isibonelo, ku-20MnVB steel.I-Vanadium ingu-0.07-0.12% futhi i-boron ingu-0.001-0.005%.
④ U-“A” kufanele wengezwe ekugcineni kwenombolo yensimbi yezinga eliphezulu ukuze ihlukanise kusukela kunsimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu evamile.
⑤ I-alloy structural iron yenhloso ekhethekile, isiqalo senombolo yensimbi (noma isijobelelo) simele injongo yophawu lwensimbi.Isibonelo, insimbi ye-30CrMnSi esetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile izikulufi zokuqhumisa ivezwa njenge-ML30CrMnSi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza:
1. Ukuginqika okushisayo (ipayipi lensimbi eli-extrusion elingenamthungo) : ishubhu eliyindilinga alinalutho → ukushisisa → ukumboza → ukugoqa okudayagonali okuphakeme kathathu, ukugoqeka okuqhubekayo noma ukukhishwa → ukuhlubula → ukusika (noma ukunciphisa) → ukupholisa → ukuqondisa → ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic (noma ukuhlola) → ukumaka → isitoreji
2. Ipayipi lensimbi elikhaza (eligoqiwe) elingenamthungo: ishubhu eliyindilinga alinalutho → ukushisisa → ukubhoboza → isihloko → ukubhoboza → ukugcoba → ukugcoba → ukugcoba (i-copper plating) → umdwebo obandayo onamapayipi amaningi (ukugoqeka okubandayo) → ishubhu elingenalutho → ukwelashwa kokushisa → ukuqondisa → ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic (ukuhlola) → ukumaka → isitoreji
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440 insimbi engagqwali ipuleti 440stainless steel ikhoyili
Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali linendawo ebushelelezi, ipulasitiki ephezulu, ukuqina namandla emishini, futhi imelana nokugqwala kwe-asidi, igesi ye-alkali, isixazululo neminye imidiya.Iwuhlobo lwensimbi oluyingxubevange okungelula ukugqwala, kodwa alunakho ukugqwala ngokuphelele.Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali libhekisela epuleti lensimbi elimelana nokugqwala kwemithombo yezindaba ebuthaka njengomkhathi, isitimu namanzi, kuyilapho ipuleti lensimbi elimelana ne-asidi libhekisela epuleti lensimbi elimelana nokugqwala kwemidiya yokufaka amakhemikhali njenge-asidi, i-alkali nosawoti.Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali linomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kusukela laphuma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
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Ipuleti lensimbi engama-410, ikhoyili yensimbi engagqwali engama-410
Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali linendawo ebushelelezi, ipulasitiki ephezulu, ukuqina namandla emishini, futhi imelana nokugqwala kwe-asidi, igesi ye-alkali, isixazululo neminye imidiya.Iwuhlobo lwensimbi oluyingxubevange okungelula ukugqwala, kodwa alunakho ukugqwala ngokuphelele.Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali libhekisela epuleti lensimbi elimelana nokugqwala kwemithombo yezindaba ebuthaka njengomkhathi, isitimu namanzi, kuyilapho ipuleti lensimbi elimelana ne-asidi libhekisela epuleti lensimbi elimelana nokugqwala kwemidiya yokufaka amakhemikhali njenge-asidi, i-alkali nosawoti.Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali linomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kusukela laphuma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
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Ipuleti lensimbi engu-316L, ikhoyili yensimbi engagqwali engu-316L
Ukumelana nokugqwala, namandla okushisa aphezulu ensimbi engagqwali engu-316 kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ngenxa yokwengezwa kwe-Mo element.Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kungafinyelela ku-1200-1300 degrees futhi kungasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.
Ukusetshenziswa: imishini yamanzi olwandle, amakhemikhali, udayi, ukwenza amaphepha, i-oxalic acid, umanyolo nezinye izinto zokukhiqiza;Izithombe, imboni yokudla, izindawo ezisogwini, izintambo, izinduku ze-CD, amabhawodi, amantongomane.
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304 insimbi engagqwali plate 304 insimbi engagqwali coil plate
Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali libushelelezi, linobucwebe obuphakeme, ukuqina namandla okusebenza, i-asidi, igesi ye-alkaline, isixazululo nokunye ukugqwala kwemidiya.Iyinsimbi engagqwali kalula, kodwa ayinalo nhlobo ibala.
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Ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali engu-304L, ikhoyili yensimbi engagqwali engu-304L
I-304L iyinsimbi engagqwali yendawo yonke, esetshenziswa kabanzi ukwenza amathuluzi nezingxenye ezidinga ukusebenza kahle okuphelele (ukumelana nokugqwala nokubumbeka).
